New Garden Historical Commission - Indentured Laborers

<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#0000FF" alink="#FF0000" vlink="#990099" lang=EN-US> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%" bgcolor="#999999"> <tr> <td><p align="center"><img src="../lyceum/lyceum.jpg" width="200" height="114"></p> </td> <td align="center"> <h1><font color=black>New Garden Historical Commission</font></h1> <p><a href="../index.htm" target="_top"><font color=black>Click here</font></a> <font color=black> to return to the home page and links to other articles</font></p> </td> </tr> </table> <div class=Section1> <div style='border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'> <h1><a name="_Toc189384593">INDENTURED LABORERS</a></h1> </div> <p class=MsoNormal>Fifty percent of the White immigrants and a very small number of Negroes entered the United States between 1720 and 1776 as indentured laborers, with the largest percentage found in Pennsylvania. They entered through the Port of Philadelphia, and were the main source of farm help until long after the Revolution. The demand for them increased yearly as more and more people, especially Quaker farmers, steadily opposed slavery and those few slaves that were owned in Pennsylvania were freed. </p> <p class=MsoNormal>Most who arrived in this manner were voluntarily indentured and known as redemptioners. They came on ships whose conditions rivaled those of the African slave ships - overcrowded, filthy, poor food, and poor and insufficient water supplies. Thousands died. In many cases, whole families became indentured in order to pay for passage here. Children over five years of age were sold for a period of five or ten years, or until they reached age 21. The families and individuals with no prior agreement to serve a definite master were sold in port by the ship's captain two weeks or so after arrival to cover payment for passage. Those not sold in port were driven inland by "soul drivers" in and put in service there. </p> <p class=MsoNormal>There were many vicious features of the practice - families were separated and often never reunited and a man's body might've been his own, but not his time. But, on the other hand, it enabled many to escape European oppression, and it brought to this new Country many thousands of sturdy, thrifty settlers who became substantial citizens. The position was not necessarily a degraded one and many of those indentured were considered temporary family members and treated as such. Some were actually "poor relations" of their masters. They were protected by law from abuse and injustice by their masters, but laws weren't always obeyed and some were mistreated, or found the condition of servitude unbearable and ran away. The following ad appeared in the "Pennsylvania Gazette:"  </p> <p class=IndentQuote>"Run away, on the night of the 6th of April instant, from the subscriber, in Newgarden township, Chester County, an Irish servant woman, named Anne Crage, about 40 years of age, red faced and sandy hair; had on, when she went away, an old quilt and black under petticoat, an old calicos bedgown, a spotted blue and white handkerchief, and supposed to have taken a red mop ditto with her, and neither shoes nor stockins; she was brought from Philadelphia by one Steel, she says she has a husband Called John Crage. Whoever takes up said servant and brings her to her master, or secures her in any gaol, so that her master may have her again, shall have twenty shillings reward, and reasonable charges paid by <br>                                                                                     STEPHEN ANDERSON</p> <p class=IndentQuote>April 17, 1776" </p> <p class=MsoNormal>Anne Crage's master was probably the traitorous Stephen Anderson who owned the "Hammer and Trowel Inn" of which more is written in the section entitled "Toughkenamon." If this was fiction, we could probably write that Mrs. Crage found her husband and they were happily reunited, but in fact, a woman of forty years was then considered elderly. Fleeing in early Spring with so few possessions and no shoes was difficult. She was probably apprehended and returned. Hopefully, the following youngster found a sympathetic family who provided for him. His value to his master was small: </p> <p class=IndentQuote>"Six Cents Reward - Runaway from the subscriber on the first of April last, an indented Servant Boy to the Cordwaining (shoemaking) business, named Mifflin Greenfield - had on when he went away a leather apron. The above reward will be given but no charges paid. </p> <p class=IndentQuote>N .B. - I do forewarn all persons from trusting him on my account or harboring him. <br>                                                                                                             Jack Poulson </p> <p class=IndentQuote>Newgarden, May 12, 1819" <br> "The Village Record" </p> <p class=MsoNormal>Though many people were voluntary redemptioners, there were others who were indentured involuntarily. Pennsylvania adopted the English system of selling convicted criminals, usually debtors, into servitude. This was almost necessary for jails were few and nobody wanted to pay the prisoners' keep. Chester County sold debtors, unmarried and under 53 years old, for a term not over seven years. Married ones under 46 years of age were sold for five years, and children were sold to pay a father's debts. After the Revolution debt laws eased somewhat, but debtors continued to be imprisoned and sold into servitude until the mid-1800s. Orphans and children without support were apprenticed by Chester County Court, or by a parent or guardian. Their plight was better than that of an indentured servant. They were considered members of a family and few are believed to have been abused. Boys were usually bound until age 21; girls until age eighteen. As you can see from the following Agreement, when they left a master, they were equipped to begin a career: </p> <p class=IndentQuote>"This indenture made this 6th day of July in the yr. of our Lord 1776 between John Armstrong of Mill Creek Hundred in County of New Castle on Delaware, of one part, and Moses Montgomery of Township of New Garden in county of Chester and Province of Pennsylvania of the other part: Witnesseth that the said John Armstrong of his own free will and record and by and worth the free consent and approbation of his Mother Margaret Armstrong (Widow) doth hereof bind himself an apprentice unto the said Moses Montgomery and his Heirs, from the date of date hereof for and during the full term of 14 years at the expiration of which term he will be full and just 21 years of age. During the whole of which term he the said John Armstrong shall and will behave himself as becometh an obedient apprentice, and his said master or his heirs serve honestly and faithfully. </p> <p class=IndentQuote>In consideration whereof the said Moses Montgomery doth hereby bind and oblige himself and his heirs to provide and procure to the said John Armstrong sufficient meat, drink, apparel, washing and Lodging befitting such an apprentice during the affs'd term and also to teach or cause him to be taught the "Coopers Trade" within the said Term, until he can make a sufficient Cyder or Beer Barrell and to have him Taught to Read and Write a legible hand and Decipher the five common rules of Vulgar arithmetic and at the expiration of the said term to give him 40 shillings worth of "Coopers" tools and a new suit of cloaths from head to foot as good as is customary in the like cases." </p> <p class=MsoNormal>John Armstrong was seven years old when he was apprenticed. </p> <p class=MsoNormal>Only three cents reward was offered on October 20, 1835 when Jacob Peirson ran from his master: </p> <p class=IndentQuote>"Ran away in June last from the dwelling of the subscriber in New Garden Twp., Chester Co., Pa., an indented apprentice to the tailoring business named Jacob Peirson. He is about 5'5" high and had on when he went away a brown cloth coat, gray pantaloons, and fur hat, all persons are forbidden to harbor or trust him on my account as they would avoid the penalty of law. Whoever returns him shall receive the above reward but no charges. <br>                                                                                                 George H. Walter" </p> <p class=MsoNormal>The apprentice system continued until the rise of the factory system in the 1800s. Undoubtedly, many citizens entered our Township as indentured laborers or apprentices. </p> <p class=MsoNormal> </p> </div> </body>